Loading figures…
Loading figures…
Monthly volume of retail trade, calendar and seasonally adjusted (index 2021 = 100), and its change on a year before. All figures for Czechia
| Measure | Latest | Period | EU rank | vs EU median | Among EU countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume index | 103.7 index | Jul 2026 | 12th lowest of 27 | −3.7 index | EU lowest 94.2 indexEU highest 143.5 index |
| Change on a year before | +4.8% | Jul 2026 | 9th highest of 27 | +1.2 pp | EU lowest −5.7%EU highest +8.6% |
| Period | index |
|---|---|
| Jul 2026 | 103.7 |
| Jun 2026 | 103.1 |
| May 2026 | 103.3 |
| Apr 2026 | 102.0 |
| Mar 2026 | 103.1 |
| Feb 2026 | 101.5 |
| Jan 2026 | 101.7 |
| Dec 2025 | 100.7 |
| Nov 2025 | 100.7 |
| Oct 2025 | 99.8 |
| Sep 2025 | 99.5 |
| Aug 2025 | 99.5 |
| Jul 2025 | 98.9 |
| Jun 2025 | 99.5 |
| May 2025 | 98.8 |
| Apr 2025 | 100.1 |
| Mar 2025 | 97.9 |
| Feb 2025 | 97.9 |
| Jan 2025 | 97.4 |
| Dec 2024 | 98.4 |
| Nov 2024 | 96.8 |
| Oct 2024 | 97.3 |
| Sep 2024 | 96.6 |
| Aug 2024 | 96.6 |
| Jul 2024 | 96.6 |
| Jun 2024 | 95.4 |
| May 2024 | 94.8 |
| Apr 2024 | 95.1 |
| Mar 2024 | 95.1 |
| Feb 2024 | 95.1 |
| Jan 2024 | 94.7 |
| Dec 2023 | 92.9 |
| Nov 2023 | 93.2 |
| Oct 2023 | 92.4 |
| Sep 2023 | 91.9 |
| Aug 2023 | 91.9 |
| Jul 2023 | 92.0 |
| Jun 2023 | 91.8 |
| May 2023 | 91.6 |
| Apr 2023 | 90.4 |
| Mar 2023 | 90.6 |
| Feb 2023 | 91.7 |
| Jan 2023 | 92.4 |
| Dec 2022 | 92.3 |
| Nov 2022 | 93.1 |
| Oct 2022 | 93.3 |
| Sep 2022 | 95.3 |
| Aug 2022 | 94.6 |
| Jul 2022 | 94.9 |
| Jun 2022 | 96.4 |
| May 2022 | 97.5 |
| Apr 2022 | 99.2 |
| Mar 2022 | 100.2 |
| Feb 2022 | 98.8 |
| Jan 2022 | 99.5 |
| Dec 2021 | 100.0 |
| Nov 2021 | 101.8 |
| Oct 2021 | 103.0 |
| Sep 2021 | 101.4 |
| Aug 2021 | 102.5 |
| Jul 2021 | 102.5 |
| Jun 2021 | 103.2 |
| May 2021 | 103.9 |
| Apr 2021 | 94.8 |
| Mar 2021 | 94.3 |
| Feb 2021 | 94.1 |
| Jan 2021 | 90.3 |
| Dec 2020 | 99.0 |
| Nov 2020 | 90.6 |
| Oct 2020 | 96.0 |
| Sep 2020 | 98.2 |
| Aug 2020 | 98.2 |
| Jul 2020 | 98.5 |
| Jun 2020 | 96.8 |
| May 2020 | 97.1 |
| Apr 2020 | 88.6 |
| Mar 2020 | 88.7 |
| Feb 2020 | 99.2 |
| Jan 2020 | 98.5 |
| Dec 2019 | 100.1 |
| Nov 2019 | 98.3 |
| Oct 2019 | 97.9 |
| Sep 2019 | 97.5 |
| Aug 2019 | 97.5 |
| Jul 2019 | 97.2 |
| Jun 2019 | 97.3 |
| May 2019 | 97.0 |
| Apr 2019 | 98.8 |
| Mar 2019 | 96.1 |
| Feb 2019 | 94.1 |
| Jan 2019 | 94.5 |
| Dec 2018 | 93.6 |
| Nov 2018 | 93.6 |
| Oct 2018 | 93.2 |
| Sep 2018 | 94.0 |
| Aug 2018 | 93.2 |
| Jul 2018 | 93.2 |
| Jun 2018 | 92.7 |
| May 2018 | 93.4 |
| Apr 2018 | 93.5 |
| Mar 2018 | 92.9 |
| Feb 2018 | 92.7 |
| Jan 2018 | 93.4 |
| Dec 2017 | 90.6 |
| Nov 2017 | 91.0 |
| Oct 2017 | 89.7 |
| Sep 2017 | 91.3 |
| Aug 2017 | 89.8 |
| Jul 2017 | 89.2 |
| Jun 2017 | 89.9 |
| May 2017 | 88.9 |
| Apr 2017 | 88.5 |
| Mar 2017 | 88.6 |
| Feb 2017 | 87.2 |
| Jan 2017 | 86.3 |
| Dec 2016 | 85.3 |
| Nov 2016 | 86.1 |
| Oct 2016 | 86.3 |
| Sep 2016 | 85.4 |
| Aug 2016 | 85.4 |
| Jul 2016 | 84.9 |
| Jun 2016 | 84.8 |
| May 2016 | 83.7 |
| Apr 2016 | 83.9 |
| Mar 2016 | 82.9 |
| Feb 2016 | 84.5 |
| Jan 2016 | 83.7 |
| Dec 2015 | 83.6 |
| Nov 2015 | 82.0 |
| Oct 2015 | 83.0 |
| Sep 2015 | 81.6 |
| Aug 2015 | 80.9 |
| Jul 2015 | 81.2 |
| Jun 2015 | 80.4 |
| May 2015 | 80.7 |
| Apr 2015 | 79.7 |
| Mar 2015 | 79.5 |
| Feb 2015 | 78.9 |
| Jan 2015 | 79.4 |
| Dec 2014 | 78.8 |
| Nov 2014 | 78.2 |
| Oct 2014 | 78.2 |
| Sep 2014 | 76.8 |
| Aug 2014 | 77.6 |
| Jul 2014 | 76.2 |
| Jun 2014 | 76.6 |
| May 2014 | 75.7 |
| Apr 2014 | 76.1 |
| Mar 2014 | 75.9 |
| Feb 2014 | 75.0 |
| Jan 2014 | 74.9 |
| Dec 2013 | 75.4 |
| Nov 2013 | 75.7 |
| Oct 2013 | 74.1 |
| Sep 2013 | 75.6 |
| Aug 2013 | 75.0 |
| Jul 2013 | 75.1 |
| Jun 2013 | 74.1 |
| May 2013 | 75.4 |
| Apr 2013 | 74.7 |
| Mar 2013 | 74.9 |
| Feb 2013 | 74.7 |
| Jan 2013 | 75.4 |
| Dec 2012 | 75.6 |
| Nov 2012 | 74.4 |
| Oct 2012 | 74.9 |
| Sep 2012 | 75.6 |
| Aug 2012 | 76.1 |
| Jul 2012 | 75.6 |
| Jun 2012 | 75.8 |
| May 2012 | 75.7 |
| Apr 2012 | 74.9 |
| Mar 2012 | 75.9 |
| Feb 2012 | 75.8 |
| Jan 2012 | 75.4 |
| Dec 2011 | 75.8 |
| Nov 2011 | 76.2 |
| Oct 2011 | 76.2 |
| Sep 2011 | 75.9 |
| Aug 2011 | 76.0 |
| Jul 2011 | 76.0 |
| Jun 2011 | 76.2 |
| May 2011 | 75.6 |
| Apr 2011 | 77.4 |
| Mar 2011 | 76.3 |
| Feb 2011 | 77.2 |
| Jan 2011 | 77.0 |
| Dec 2010 | 75.5 |
| Nov 2010 | 76.6 |
| Oct 2010 | 76.9 |
| Sep 2010 | 77.0 |
| Aug 2010 | 76.4 |
| Jul 2010 | 77.5 |
| Jun 2010 | 77.2 |
| May 2010 | 76.0 |
| Apr 2010 | 75.1 |
| Mar 2010 | 76.8 |
| Feb 2010 | 75.5 |
| Jan 2010 | 75.6 |
| Dec 2009 | 78.1 |
| Nov 2009 | 76.3 |
| Oct 2009 | 76.8 |
| Sep 2009 | 76.2 |
| Aug 2009 | 77.0 |
| Jul 2009 | 77.3 |
| Jun 2009 | 76.1 |
| May 2009 | 77.6 |
| Apr 2009 | 77.9 |
| Mar 2009 | 76.5 |
| Feb 2009 | 76.8 |
| Jan 2009 | 77.3 |
| Dec 2008 | 77.3 |
| Nov 2008 | 77.5 |
| Oct 2008 | 78.2 |
| Sep 2008 | 78.3 |
| Aug 2008 | 77.3 |
| Jul 2008 | 77.0 |
| Jun 2008 | 78.2 |
| May 2008 | 78.9 |
| Apr 2008 | 79.0 |
| Mar 2008 | 77.5 |
| Feb 2008 | 80.3 |
| Jan 2008 | 78.9 |
| Dec 2007 | 77.2 |
| Nov 2007 | 76.3 |
| Oct 2007 | 76.8 |
| Sep 2007 | 76.4 |
| Aug 2007 | 76.5 |
| Jul 2007 | 76.3 |
| Jun 2007 | 76.0 |
| May 2007 | 75.3 |
| Apr 2007 | 75.1 |
| Mar 2007 | 77.4 |
| Feb 2007 | 75.1 |
| Jan 2007 | 74.4 |
| Dec 2006 | 74.2 |
| Nov 2006 | 73.9 |
| Oct 2006 | 72.9 |
| Sep 2006 | 72.3 |
| Aug 2006 | 72.0 |
| Jul 2006 | 71.9 |
| Jun 2006 | 71.8 |
| May 2006 | 71.0 |
| Apr 2006 | 70.1 |
| Mar 2006 | 69.7 |
| Feb 2006 | 69.4 |
| Jan 2006 | 69.7 |
| Dec 2005 | 68.1 |
| Nov 2005 | 69.1 |
| Oct 2005 | 68.1 |
| Sep 2005 | 67.9 |
| Aug 2005 | 67.3 |
| Jul 2005 | 66.4 |
| Jun 2005 | 66.4 |
| May 2005 | 66.2 |
| Apr 2005 | 66.0 |
| Mar 2005 | 65.5 |
| Feb 2005 | 65.4 |
| Jan 2005 | 66.5 |
| Dec 2004 | 64.1 |
| Nov 2004 | 64.2 |
| Oct 2004 | 64.0 |
| Sep 2004 | 63.7 |
| Aug 2004 | 63.3 |
| Jul 2004 | 64.0 |
| Jun 2004 | 63.0 |
| May 2004 | 62.2 |
| Apr 2004 | 63.4 |
| Mar 2004 | 62.3 |
| Feb 2004 | 62.9 |
| Jan 2004 | 61.4 |
| Dec 2003 | 64.2 |
| Nov 2003 | 62.1 |
| Oct 2003 | 62.8 |
| Sep 2003 | 62.5 |
| Aug 2003 | 62.4 |
| Jul 2003 | 61.1 |
| Jun 2003 | 61.0 |
| May 2003 | 60.8 |
| Apr 2003 | 60.5 |
| Mar 2003 | 59.4 |
| Feb 2003 | 59.5 |
| Jan 2003 | 59.5 |
| Dec 2002 | 58.4 |
| Nov 2002 | 57.7 |
| Oct 2002 | 57.5 |
| Sep 2002 | 57.3 |
| Aug 2002 | 56.6 |
| Jul 2002 | 56.7 |
| Jun 2002 | 56.5 |
| May 2002 | 56.9 |
| Apr 2002 | 55.8 |
| Mar 2002 | 56.6 |
| Feb 2002 | 55.8 |
| Jan 2002 | 55.4 |
| Dec 2001 | 57.5 |
| Nov 2001 | 58.0 |
| Oct 2001 | 57.5 |
| Sep 2001 | 56.9 |
| Aug 2001 | 57.0 |
| Jul 2001 | 56.4 |
| Jun 2001 | 56.3 |
| May 2001 | 55.7 |
| Apr 2001 | 55.3 |
| Mar 2001 | 55.1 |
| Feb 2001 | 54.6 |
| Jan 2001 | 54.7 |
| Dec 2000 | 54.4 |
| Nov 2000 | 53.1 |
| Oct 2000 | 52.3 |
| Sep 2000 | 53.0 |
| Aug 2000 | 53.4 |
| Jul 2000 | 52.8 |
| Jun 2000 | 52.6 |
| May 2000 | 52.6 |
| Apr 2000 | 52.3 |
| Mar 2000 | 52.2 |
| Feb 2000 | 52.7 |
| Jan 2000 | 51.7 |
| Period | % y/y |
|---|---|
| Jul 2026 | +4.8 |
| Jun 2026 | +3.4 |
| May 2026 | +4.8 |
| Apr 2026 | +0.8 |
| Mar 2026 | +6.2 |
| Feb 2026 | +3.7 |
| Jan 2026 | +5.0 |
| Dec 2025 | +1.8 |
| Nov 2025 | +4.4 |
| Oct 2025 | +2.2 |
| Sep 2025 | +2.6 |
| Aug 2025 | +3.1 |
| Jul 2025 | +2.0 |
| Jun 2025 | +4.5 |
| May 2025 | +4.3 |
| Apr 2025 | +5.5 |
| Mar 2025 | +3.7 |
| Feb 2025 | +3.0 |
| Jan 2025 | +2.9 |
| Dec 2024 | +6.4 |
| Nov 2024 | +4.1 |
| Oct 2024 | +5.1 |
| Sep 2024 | +4.5 |
| Aug 2024 | +4.8 |
| Jul 2024 | +4.6 |
| Jun 2024 | +3.6 |
| May 2024 | +2.7 |
| Apr 2024 | +5.6 |
| Mar 2024 | +5.5 |
| Feb 2024 | +4.1 |
| Jan 2024 | +3.0 |
| Dec 2023 | +1.3 |
| Nov 2023 | −0.2 |
| Oct 2023 | −1.8 |
| Sep 2023 | −4.2 |
| Aug 2023 | −2.9 |
| Jul 2023 | −2.4 |
| Jun 2023 | −4.1 |
| May 2023 | −6.3 |
| Apr 2023 | −8.4 |
| Mar 2023 | −9.5 |
| Feb 2023 | −6.9 |
| Jan 2023 | −6.7 |
| Dec 2022 | −8.2 |
| Nov 2022 | −9.3 |
| Oct 2022 | −10.6 |
| Sep 2022 | −6.4 |
| Aug 2022 | −8.4 |
| Jul 2022 | −8.2 |
| Jun 2022 | −6.9 |
| May 2022 | −6.2 |
| Apr 2022 | +6.1 |
| Mar 2022 | +5.9 |
| Feb 2022 | +4.8 |
| Jan 2022 | +9.6 |
| Dec 2021 | +0.2 |
| Nov 2021 | +12.6 |
| Oct 2021 | +7.9 |
| Sep 2021 | +3.3 |
| Aug 2021 | +4.1 |
| Jul 2021 | +3.4 |
| Jun 2021 | +6.5 |
| May 2021 | +7.5 |
| Apr 2021 | +6.9 |
| Mar 2021 | +6.6 |
| Feb 2021 | −4.4 |
| Jan 2021 | −7.1 |
| Dec 2020 | −1.5 |
| Nov 2020 | −6.4 |
| Oct 2020 | −1.6 |
| Sep 2020 | 0.0 |
| Aug 2020 | +0.7 |
| Jul 2020 | +1.8 |
| Jun 2020 | −0.8 |
| May 2020 | −0.3 |
| Apr 2020 | −11.9 |
| Mar 2020 | −7.1 |
| Feb 2020 | +5.1 |
| Jan 2020 | +4.1 |
| Dec 2019 | +8.4 |
| Nov 2019 | +7.1 |
| Oct 2019 | +5.8 |
| Sep 2019 | +3.6 |
| Aug 2019 | +5.0 |
| Jul 2019 | +5.0 |
| Jun 2019 | +5.3 |
| May 2019 | +3.2 |
| Apr 2019 | +4.0 |
| Mar 2019 | +1.8 |
| Feb 2019 | +1.1 |
| Jan 2019 | +0.6 |
| Dec 2018 | +4.4 |
| Nov 2018 | +4.3 |
| Oct 2018 | +4.4 |
| Sep 2018 | +2.9 |
| Aug 2018 | +3.9 |
| Jul 2018 | +4.8 |
| Jun 2018 | +3.1 |
| May 2018 | +5.1 |
| Apr 2018 | +5.1 |
| Mar 2018 | +4.1 |
| Feb 2018 | +6.0 |
| Jan 2018 | +7.9 |
| Dec 2017 | +6.7 |
| Nov 2017 | +7.1 |
| Oct 2017 | +3.5 |
| Sep 2017 | +7.1 |
| Aug 2017 | +4.9 |
| Jul 2017 | +5.1 |
| Jun 2017 | +6.2 |
| May 2017 | +6.6 |
| Apr 2017 | +5.6 |
| Mar 2017 | +6.8 |
| Feb 2017 | +2.6 |
| Jan 2017 | +3.2 |
| Dec 2016 | +1.5 |
| Nov 2016 | +6.0 |
| Oct 2016 | +3.7 |
| Sep 2016 | +4.5 |
| Aug 2016 | +5.1 |
| Jul 2016 | +4.3 |
| Jun 2016 | +5.3 |
| May 2016 | +3.6 |
| Apr 2016 | +5.0 |
| Mar 2016 | +4.3 |
| Feb 2016 | +7.4 |
| Jan 2016 | +6.0 |
| Dec 2015 | +5.8 |
| Nov 2015 | +5.3 |
| Oct 2015 | +6.3 |
| Sep 2015 | +6.1 |
| Aug 2015 | +3.5 |
| Jul 2015 | +6.3 |
| Jun 2015 | +4.9 |
| May 2015 | +6.5 |
| Apr 2015 | +4.4 |
| Mar 2015 | +4.4 |
| Feb 2015 | +6.1 |
| Jan 2015 | +6.5 |
| Dec 2014 | +4.7 |
| Nov 2014 | +4.0 |
| Oct 2014 | +5.9 |
| Sep 2014 | +1.1 |
| Aug 2014 | +2.9 |
| Jul 2014 | +1.1 |
| Jun 2014 | +3.5 |
| May 2014 | −0.1 |
| Apr 2014 | +1.6 |
| Mar 2014 | +1.2 |
| Feb 2014 | +0.2 |
| Jan 2014 | −0.6 |
| Dec 2013 | +0.3 |
| Nov 2013 | +3.0 |
| Oct 2013 | −1.2 |
| Sep 2013 | −0.3 |
| Aug 2013 | −1.7 |
| Jul 2013 | −1.2 |
| Jun 2013 | −2.7 |
| May 2013 | −0.5 |
| Apr 2013 | −0.4 |
| Mar 2013 | −1.1 |
| Feb 2013 | −1.5 |
| Jan 2013 | +0.8 |
| Dec 2012 | +0.4 |
| Nov 2012 | −2.7 |
| Oct 2012 | −2.3 |
| Sep 2012 | −0.3 |
| Aug 2012 | +0.4 |
| Jul 2012 | −0.9 |
| Jun 2012 | −0.5 |
| May 2012 | +0.7 |
| Apr 2012 | −3.7 |
| Mar 2012 | −0.5 |
| Feb 2012 | −2.0 |
| Jan 2012 | −1.1 |
| Dec 2011 | +0.6 |
| Nov 2011 | −0.8 |
| Oct 2011 | −1.6 |
| Sep 2011 | −1.6 |
| Aug 2011 | −0.3 |
| Jul 2011 | −2.3 |
| Jun 2011 | −1.5 |
| May 2011 | −0.3 |
| Apr 2011 | +2.8 |
| Mar 2011 | −0.4 |
| Feb 2011 | +2.8 |
| Jan 2011 | +2.3 |
| Dec 2010 | −3.7 |
| Nov 2010 | +0.3 |
| Oct 2010 | −0.4 |
| Sep 2010 | +1.2 |
| Aug 2010 | −0.9 |
| Jul 2010 | +0.4 |
| Jun 2010 | +1.7 |
| May 2010 | −2.2 |
| Apr 2010 | −3.5 |
| Mar 2010 | +1.1 |
| Feb 2010 | −2.0 |
| Jan 2010 | −2.3 |
| Dec 2009 | +1.2 |
| Nov 2009 | −2.0 |
| Oct 2009 | −2.2 |
| Sep 2009 | −3.1 |
| Aug 2009 | +0.1 |
| Jul 2009 | +1.3 |
| Jun 2009 | −2.7 |
| May 2009 | −1.8 |
| Apr 2009 | −1.4 |
| Mar 2009 | −1.3 |
| Feb 2009 | −4.9 |
| Jan 2009 | −1.8 |
| Dec 2008 | −0.2 |
| Nov 2008 | +1.0 |
| Oct 2008 | +2.2 |
| Sep 2008 | +3.0 |
| Aug 2008 | +1.0 |
| Jul 2008 | +0.8 |
| Jun 2008 | +2.6 |
| May 2008 | +5.3 |
| Apr 2008 | +5.7 |
| Mar 2008 | −0.4 |
| Feb 2008 | +7.0 |
| Jan 2008 | +6.1 |
| Dec 2007 | +3.8 |
| Nov 2007 | +2.8 |
| Oct 2007 | +5.7 |
| Sep 2007 | +5.7 |
| Aug 2007 | +5.7 |
| Jul 2007 | +6.0 |
| Jun 2007 | +5.8 |
| May 2007 | +6.0 |
| Apr 2007 | +7.2 |
| Mar 2007 | +11.6 |
| Feb 2007 | +8.9 |
| Jan 2007 | +6.2 |
| Dec 2006 | +9.2 |
| Nov 2006 | +7.1 |
| Oct 2006 | +7.5 |
| Sep 2006 | +6.5 |
| Aug 2006 | +6.7 |
| Jul 2006 | +7.7 |
| Jun 2006 | +7.9 |
| May 2006 | +7.5 |
| Apr 2006 | +5.7 |
| Mar 2006 | +6.2 |
| Feb 2006 | +6.1 |
| Jan 2006 | +4.9 |
| Dec 2005 | +6.2 |
| Nov 2005 | +8.6 |
| Oct 2005 | +7.0 |
| Sep 2005 | +7.2 |
| Aug 2005 | +6.1 |
| Jul 2005 | +3.1 |
| Jun 2005 | +5.3 |
| May 2005 | +6.6 |
| Apr 2005 | +3.5 |
| Mar 2005 | +4.7 |
| Feb 2005 | +3.7 |
| Jan 2005 | +8.9 |
| Dec 2004 | −0.1 |
| Nov 2004 | +4.4 |
| Oct 2004 | +2.6 |
| Sep 2004 | +2.4 |
| Aug 2004 | +0.8 |
| Jul 2004 | +4.2 |
| Jun 2004 | +2.9 |
| May 2004 | +1.0 |
| Apr 2004 | +4.8 |
| Mar 2004 | +4.4 |
| Feb 2004 | +5.1 |
| Jan 2004 | +2.9 |
| Dec 2003 | +9.1 |
| Nov 2003 | +8.1 |
| Oct 2003 | +9.7 |
| Sep 2003 | +10.4 |
| Aug 2003 | +9.9 |
| Jul 2003 | +8.1 |
| Jun 2003 | +8.6 |
| May 2003 | +6.5 |
| Apr 2003 | +9.9 |
| Mar 2003 | +5.0 |
| Feb 2003 | +6.6 |
| Jan 2003 | +7.1 |
| Dec 2002 | +0.7 |
| Nov 2002 | −0.2 |
| Oct 2002 | +0.5 |
| Sep 2002 | +0.9 |
| Aug 2002 | −2.4 |
| Jul 2002 | −0.2 |
| Jun 2002 | −0.5 |
| May 2002 | +1.2 |
| Apr 2002 | +0.4 |
| Mar 2002 | +2.8 |
| Feb 2002 | +1.7 |
| Jan 2002 | +1.9 |
| Dec 2001 | +5.5 |
| Nov 2001 | +11.4 |
| Oct 2001 | +12.3 |
| Sep 2001 | +8.7 |
| Aug 2001 | +6.1 |
| Jul 2001 | +6.7 |
| Jun 2001 | +6.3 |
| May 2001 | +5.1 |
| Apr 2001 | +5.0 |
| Mar 2001 | +5.6 |
| Feb 2001 | +1.9 |
| Jan 2001 | +5.2 |
allfigures, “Volume index, Czechia, Jul 2026: 103.7 index”. Source: Eurostat (CC BY 4.0). https://allfigures.xyz/data/retail-sales/czechia, retrieved 23 Sep 2026.